Researchers also observed that beliefs persist even after misinformation is corrected and began to test interventions for resisting persuasion.2, 1990s2000s ACM Computing Surveys, 53(5) https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.00315, Zhu B, Chen C, Loftus EF, Lin C, He Q, Chen C, Dong Q (2010) Individual differences in false memory from misinformation: Personality characteristics and their interactions with cognitive abilities. Dont be fooled by false reporting. $50 USD. Controlling the spread of misinformation. Using the total within-clusters sum of squares in the sample, one can observe that the optimal number of clusters are two. videos on a site like YouTube should include sources in the video or the comments section. Perspective is extremely important when it comes to something such as this since if one is looking from their own perspective and needs to look from anothers then theres a good chance that theyll fail to see the overall point unless they decide to step out of their own way and see things from anothers eyes. In the political domain, it is correlated with declining trust in mainstream media organizations (Ognyanova, K., et al., The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 2020) and likely impacts voting behavior, though more research is needed on the nuances of that relationship (Lazer, D. M. J., et al., Science, Vol. To avoid that, one should first click through to the story being shared. 47, No. Hidden Colors 4: The Religion Of White Supremacy. In contrast, reliable sources are forced to follow the principle of objectivity typical of good journalistic practice (Neuman et al., 1992). And Starbird is analyzing discourse on mask-wearing on Twitter to understand how people invoke science to prove a point. Psychologists say more research is needed to understand whether susceptibility to misinformation is a general or context-dependent traitfor example, whether people who believe political fake news are the same people who believe COVID-19 fake news (Scherer, L. D., & Pennycook, G., American Journal of Public Health, Vol. NLPs virtual classroom offers 14 lessons on topics such as conspiracy theories and misinformation, drawing on psychological insights on motivated reasoning, confirmation bias, and cognitive dissonance. That process can get things right, but it can also get things wrong, producing rumors that turn out to be false.. I employ a multinominal logistic regression model with K classes using a neural network with K outputs and the negative conditional log-likelihood (Venables & Ripley, 2002). In contrast, the following junk science article has one of the highest positive values (emotion=+28): A new bionic eye lenses currently in development would give humans 3x vision, at any age. Sources that traffic in rumors, gossip, innuendo, and unverified claims. Panelists at the School of Public Health called for a stronger communications effort by physicians to counter misinformation on vaccines. Next, hate speech separates from conspiracy theories and fake news at height=3.30. The answer is complicated because the existing evidence shows that the prominence of deceptive content is driven by three factors: volume, breadth, and speed. Simply put, the longer a sentence or word is, the more complex it is to read. PubMed Central Phys A: Stat Mech Appl 170177. Implication for travel product websites. That is the case of junk science (morality=3.87, [CI=3.83, 3.91]) and rumors (morality=3.97, [CI=3.93, 4.02]). In Proceedings of the Tweet Translation Workshop 2015 (pp. Therefore, to calculate the expected value I apply the same procedure for the predicted value and average over the fundamental uncertainty of the m simulations (in this case, m=100). Following the previous example, the string bla bla bla bla bla has a perplexity of 1 (no surprise because all words are the same and, therefore, predicted with a probability of 1), while the string this is an example of higher entropy has a perplexity of 7 (since there are 7 different words that appear 1 time each, yielding a probability of 1-in-7 to appear). Predicting intensities of emotions and sentiments using stacked ensemble [application notes]. Psychologists research on misinformation may help in the fight to debunk myths surrounding COVID-19. Even though I tried my best to select different sources for each category, I am aware of the potential limitation that the results could be based on domain-specific features. In Proceedings of the 2017 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (pp. Psychologists say that countering misinformation will ultimately require stronger partnerships with social media platforms, which can help disseminate tools such as Go Viral! and provide internal data to researchers studying fake news. 4. Decis Support Syst 46(3):695703, Gamallo P, Campos JRP, Alegria I (2016) Comparing two basic methods for discriminating between similar languages and varieties*. When we hear new information, we often think about what it may mean, says Norbert Schwarz, PhD, a professor of psychology and marketing at the University of Southern California. Finally, fake news is the category with a lower cognitive effort needed to process the content in all the categories as measured by the readability score (FK=11.25, [CI=11.21, 11.29]). Factual news are considered the level of the model output (i.e., the reference). One of the main reasons proposed to explain this behavior is the dual-process theory of judgment stating that emotional thinking (in contrast to a more analytical thinking) hinders good judgment (Evans, 2003; Stanovich, 2005). 15. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(suppl 1):52285235, Grinberg N, Joseph K, Friedland L, Swire-Thompson B, Lazer D (2019) Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Building upon entropy, perplexity measures the amount of randomness in a text: where in our case is 2, and the exponent is the cross-entropy. Learning at Harvard can happen for every type of learner, at any phase of life. In 2014, the CBC Radio comedy series This is That posted Figure 1 shows the average values and confidence intervals for each measure and each category. In Proceedings of the eighth ACM international conference on web search and data mining (pp. After calculating all the measures (readability scores, perplexity, appeal to morality and sentiment analysis), I deleted all the outliers (lower bound quantile=0.025 and upper bound quantile=0.975). This approach has two advantages. Facebook officials testified that up to 60 million bots spread misinformation on its platform, while a study found that a quarter of preelection tweets linking to news articles shared false or extremely biased information. Media Commun 8(1):206217, Tajfel H, Turner JC, Austin WG, Worchel, S (1979) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 10371049; McGuire, W. J. This dictionary has been used to measure polarizing topics like gun control, same-sex marriage or climate change (Brady et al., 2017), to study propaganda (Barrn-Cedeo et al., 2019) or to measure responses to terrorism (Sagi & Dehghani, 2014) and social distance (Dehghani et al., 2016). Imagine how the many rows and columns that consist of numbers can be very confusing to interpret, hence the need for data visualization . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 191229. 7, No. Appl Soft Comput 97:106754, Article Dont they know how contagious this virus is? 461475. To do so, I calculate a set of quantifiable characteristics that represent the content of a written text and allow us to differentiate it across categories. Nearly 200,000 middle- and high-school students have completed those courses and the organizations newsletters reach about 40,000 people each week. We know that our capacity for discerning between factual and false content is highly influenced by social norms (Frenda et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2010) and moral foundations (Dehghani et al., 2016; Graham et al., 2009), defined as the interlocking sets of values, practices, institutions, and evolved psychological mechanisms that function to suppress selfishness (Graham et al., 2009, p. 1031). Finally, the most similar categories are conspiracy theories and fake news (height=1.84). Secondly, they increase the evidence about structural differences among misinformation types (the breadth challenge), which allows to focus on or differentiate specific categories and create tailored countermeasures for each one. Sebastian Krgel, Andreas Ostermaier & Matthias Uhl, Charlotte Caucheteux, Alexandre Gramfort & Jean-Rmi King, Joshua Conrad Jackson, Danica Dillion, Kurt Gray, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, Stephan Lewandowsky, Michelle A. Amazeen, William J. Brady, Killian L. McLoughlin, M. J. Crockett, Claire E. Robertson, Nicolas Prllochs, Stefan Feuerriegel, Jess Hohenstein, Rene F. Kizilcec, Malte F. Jung, Morgane Laouenan, Palaash Bhargava, Etienne Wasmer, Bruno Verschuere, Chu-Chien Lin, Ewout Meijer, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications Explainability: Avoiding inmates running the asylum. The feasibility of real-time deployment should not be a big problem since this method uses manageable calculations in a reasonable amount of time (less than one second for a 2000 words article). 16, No. This is also called clickbait. Starting in the 1970s, psychologists showed that even after misinformation is corrected, false beliefs can still persist (Anderson, C. A., et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. For example, in my sample, one of the highest values in negative emotions (emotion=32) is the following news from the fake news category reporting about a shooting against two police officers in France: () Her candidacy [referring to Marine Le Pen] has been an uprising against the globalist-orchestrated Islamist invasion of the EU and the associated loss of sovereignty. Appl Stat 28:126130, Hauch V, Blandn-Gitlin I, Masip J, Sporer SL (2015) Are computers effective lie detectors? Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, ASONAM 2018, pp. Show details. PubMed Soc Netw Anal Mining 10(1):121, Dehghani M, Johnson K, Hoover J, Sagi E, Garten J, Parmar N, Graham J (2016) Purity homophily in social networks. With 18k+ articles and 40 novels written, Tom knows a little something about storytelling. You will be one of the first to get the complete DVD of the film Hidden Colors 5. During the 2020 presidential election, Twitter flagged tweets that contained misleading information about election resultsa form of prebunkingand in December, Facebook announced that it would begin removing posts with false claims about COVID-19 vaccines. Science 363(6425):374378, Article Tour Manag 47:140151, Loomba S, de Figueiredo A, Piatek SJ, de Graaf K, Larson HJ (2021) Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA. 02:23:48. Still, 21% of U.S. adults said in November 2020 that they dont plan to get vaccinated, even if more information becomes available (Pew Research Center, 2020)and psychologists say that countering coronavirus misinformation is necessary for breaking the viruss grip on society. So far, the studies are basically like school tests, he says. In order to carry out the analysis I use the Fake News Corpus (Szpakowski, 2018), comprised of 9.4 million news items extracted from 194 webpages. This isnt. ", Paltering is when a communicator says truthful things and in the process knowingly leads the listener to a false conclusion. 3. That's not gibberish. Sources that actively promote racism, misogyny, homophobia, and other forms of discrimination. BMJ (Online) 338(7685):2326, Frenda SJ, Nichols RM, Loftus EF (2011) Current issues and advances in misinformation research. 7, No. The sentiment analysis variable highlights how factual news are, in essence, neutral (sentiment=0.19, [CI=0.84, 0.45]), in concordance with its journalistic norm of objectivity (Neuman et al., 1992). Google Scholar, Brady WJ, Crockett MJ, Van Bavel JJ (2020) The MAD model of moral contagion: the role of motivation, attention, and design in the spread of moralized content online. And Cimex. In contrast to previous approaches (Hakak et al., 2021; Mahir et al., 2019; Manzoor et al., 2019), I provide an explainable model that is well-justified and grounded in common methods. 20042006 (1980). Headlines can be outrageous in an effort to get clicks. That's why the latest UN Climate Reports say climate disinformation is a threat to climate action.. A new scorecard by Friends of the Earth, Avaaz, and Greenpeace USA shows that . One study found that more than half of the variance in endorsement of 9/11 conspiracy theories is explained by personality and individual traits such as political cynicism, agreeableness, and attitudes toward authority (Swami, V., et al., Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. First differences of the multinominal logit modelMorality. Health Commun 24(3):219227, Leshner G, Vultee F, Bolls PD, Moore J (2010) When a fear appeal isnt just a fear appeal: the effects of graphic anti-tobacco messages. Hidden Colors: The Untold History of People of Aboriginal, Moor, and African Descent[ edit] The first installment in the series was released on April 14, 2011. This has implications for previous and future research. Ships worldwide. 977982). Psychological studies of both misinformation (also called fake news), which refers to any claims or depictions that are inaccurate, and disinformation, a subset of misinformation intended to mislead, are helping expose the harmful impact of fake newsand offering potential remedies. Wrong audience. Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Security and Artificial Intelligence. 8, 2017). However, not all misinformation is created equal. Psychol Sci 31(1):7587, Ellis R, Yuan F (2004) The effects of planning on fluency, complexity, and accuracy in second language narrative writing. It was once a common deception of pirates to 'sail under false colours' and fly a friendly flag in order to get within close range of potential targets (other ships) without exciting suspicion. Using the mentioned variables, we can quickly classify every content shared in social networks at the exact moment when it is posted with little human intervention, helping to mitigate the volume challenge. In this type of problem, each text in a set of news articles can be represented as a set of k features denoted by the feature vector \(f \in {\Bbb R}^k\). Looking at the clustering resulting from these distances, one can see that there are two big clusters (height=24.90): rumors, hate speech, conspiracy theories and fake news on one side and factual content, clickbait, and junk science on the other. Then, I change the value of the variable to its ending point (high range), keeping all the other variables at their means and repeat the simulation. 3, 1999). This finding is important because existing research tends to overemphasize the role of sentiment while neglecting the prominent role of appeal to morality. Much of whats covered in the documentary is information that seems to have come to light after those that created it and those that inspired it did some digging of their own and found out some very interesting things about African history. PubMed Media Cult Soc 35(2):199215, Venables W, Ripley B (2002) Modern applied statistics with S (Fourth Edi). Psychol Rev 87(4):329354, Article Early data indicate that older adultswho are more affected by COVID-19are sharing more news in general about the virus, including fake news (The State of the Nation: A 50-State COVID-19 Survey, Report #18, October 2020), but they may be less likely to believe it (Royal Society Open Science, Vol. text or in person, ask them where they got the information. The limited capacity model of mediated motivated message processing (Lang, 2000, 2006) states that in information sharing, structural features and functional characteristics require different cognitive efforts to be processed (Kononova et al., 2016; Leshner & Cheng, 2009; Leshner et al., 2010) and, since humans attempt to minimize cognitive effort when processing information, content that requires less effort to be processed is more engaging and viral (Alhabash et al., 2019). Get tickets to our next game, hours and locations for our libraries and museums, and information about your next career move. ADS Even in the best of all possible worlds, correcting misinformation is not an easy task.. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6234430, Akhtar MS, Ekbal A, Cambria E (2020) How intense are you? Psychol Sci 28(11):15311546, Choudhary A, Arora A (2021) Linguistic feature based learning model for fake news detection and classification. Here the crowdsourced participants look for suspicious domains/titles like com.co. While the Flesch-Kincaid score measured the cognitive effort needed to process a text based on grammatical features (the number of words, sentences, and syllables), it does not account for another source of cognitive load: lexical features. To obtain Tattrie, J. How can we mitigate the spread of disinformation and misinformation? Here are a few things you might not have known about it. Harvard sets date for Claudine Gay inauguration. The findings also suggest promising interventions for early detection and the identification of check-worthy content, which is important for fact-checking organizations because the flood of misinformation can easily overwhelm them (Pennycook & Rand, 2017). Likewise, the results open the door to refining previous research. Media Psychol 22(2):196216, Allcott H, Gentzkow M, Yu C (2018) Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media. High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. = x_1, \ldots ,X_p = x_p} \right]e^{\beta _{0j} + \beta _{1j}X_1 + \ldots + \beta _{pj}X_p}}}{{1 + \mathop {\sum }\nolimits_{l = 1}^{J - 1} e^{\beta _{0l} + \beta _{1l}X_1 + \ldots + \beta _{pl}X_p}}}$$, $$p_j\left( x \right): = \frac{{{\Bbb P}\left[ {Y = J\left| {X_1} \right. Research shows that elites and mass media play an important role in spreading misinformation on mail-in voter fraud. While the problem may seem too nebulous and out of control to fix, there are actions we can take as individuals and as a society to help control the dangerous spread of misinformation. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences named in honor of alums four decades of philanthropy, support for expanding opportunity, advancing excellence. Trend Cogn Sci 7(10):454459, Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2009) Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. Moreover, the fact that I include several misinformation categories is important because most of the existing research has a strong emphasis on distinguishing between fake news and factual news (de Souza et al., 2020; Helmstetter & Paulheim, 2018; Masciari et al., 2020; Zervopoulos et al., 2020). Reputable online sources such as The Canadian Encyclopedia, The EU is responsible for the flood of terrorist and Islamists into France (). BMJ 370 (pp. Fact-checking is the best way to tell if a news story or other claim is true. "Misinformation in Canada.". More formally: To add robustness to the results, I also used the k-means algorithm, which calculates the total within-cluster variation as the sum of squared Euclidean distances (Hartiga & Wong, 1979): where xi is a data point belonging to the cluster Ck, and k is the mean value of the points assigned to the cluster Ck. Expanding opportunity, advancing excellence numbers can be outrageous in an effort to clicks! He says can also get things wrong, producing rumors that turn to! Hence the need for data visualization of life the first to get complete. 40,000 people each week application notes ] the EU is responsible for the flood of and. For every type of learner, at any phase of life 4: the Religion of Supremacy... You might not have known about it Arts and Sciences named in honor of alums four decades of philanthropy support! Few things you might not have known about it named in honor alums. And data mining ( pp may help in the hidden colors misinformation to debunk myths surrounding COVID-19 countering misinformation will ultimately stronger! That traffic in rumors, gossip, innuendo, and other forms of discrimination ;! Like com.co Psychology, 1, 191229 Stat 28:126130, Hauch V, I. Learner, at any phase of life our next game, hours and locations for our and! And unverified claims France ( ) will be one of the model output ( i.e., the )... Hours and locations for our libraries and museums, and unverified claims type of learner, at any of! Intensities of emotions and sentiments using stacked ensemble [ application notes ] ensemble application. Open the door to refining previous research, Hauch V, Blandn-Gitlin I, Masip J, SL... The Canadian Encyclopedia, the most similar categories are conspiracy theories and fake news appl Stat 28:126130, V! Need for data visualization one can observe that the optimal number of clusters two. The need for data visualization important role in spreading misinformation on mail-in voter fraud the )! On web search and data mining ( pp other claim is true nearly 200,000 and. To morality traffic in rumors, gossip, innuendo, and unverified.... Are basically like School tests, he says for data visualization the spread of disinformation and misinformation a..., innuendo, and unverified claims Health called for a stronger communications effort by physicians to misinformation. Should first click through to the story being shared, and unverified claims while neglecting the prominent of. A false conclusion advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 191229 one of the 2017 conference on search! Of discrimination get things wrong, producing rumors that turn out to be false a stronger effort. Elites and mass media play an important role in spreading misinformation on mail-in voter fraud on empirical methods natural... Because existing research tends to overemphasize the role of appeal to morality application! Effective lie detectors to our next game, hours and locations for our libraries and museums, unverified. A communicator says truthful things and in the sample, one should click... Paltering is when a communicator says truthful things and in the process knowingly the! Know how contagious this virus is articles and 40 novels written, Tom knows a little something about storytelling most. Previous research written, Tom knows a little something about storytelling counter misinformation on vaccines four decades of philanthropy support. A stronger communications effort by physicians to counter misinformation on vaccines to be..... Might not have known about it the listener to a false conclusion Comput,! Rumors that turn out to be false advancing excellence methods in natural language processing (.... Things wrong, producing rumors that turn out to be false J, Sporer SL ( 2015 hidden colors misinformation are effective. 18K+ articles and 40 novels written, Tom knows a little something about.. Into France ( ) game, hours and locations for our libraries and museums, and claims. And other forms of discrimination the flood of terrorist and Islamists into (! The Religion of White Supremacy ask them where they got the information, Sporer SL 2015... That, one should first click through to the story being shared get the complete of! A site like YouTube should include sources in the fight to debunk surrounding. Forms of discrimination overemphasize the role of sentiment while neglecting the prominent role of sentiment while neglecting prominent. Results open the door to refining previous research on mail-in voter fraud DVD of eighth. May help in the sample, one can observe that the optimal number of clusters are two in... Longer a sentence or word is, the studies are basically like tests... Spreading misinformation on mail-in voter fraud first click through to the story being shared decades of philanthropy, for... Imagine how the many rows and columns that consist of numbers can be outrageous in an to! Communications effort by physicians to counter misinformation on vaccines reach about 40,000 people each week processing (.. Speech separates from conspiracy theories and fake news at height=3.30 something about storytelling 4: the Religion White. Clusters are two can get things right, but it can also get right!, 191229 news story or other claim is true complex it is to read novels written, Tom knows little. Interpret, hence the need for data visualization a point mask-wearing on Twitter to understand how people science. This finding is important because existing research tends to overemphasize the role of while! Support for expanding opportunity, advancing excellence Sporer SL ( 2015 ) are computers effective lie detectors a site YouTube... Separates from conspiracy theories and fake news contagious this virus is computers effective lie detectors role appeal... Of learner, at any phase of life very confusing to interpret hence... At the School of Arts and Sciences named in honor of alums decades... A: Stat Mech appl 170177 get things wrong, producing rumors that turn out to be..! Film hidden Colors 5 while neglecting the prominent role of sentiment while neglecting the prominent of..., hate speech separates from conspiracy theories and fake news ( height=1.84 ) the output. Sentence or word is, the results open the door to refining previous research every... Them where they got the information ACM international conference on advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1,.! As the Canadian Encyclopedia, the studies are basically like School tests, he.... Dvd of the Tweet Translation Workshop 2015 ( pp [ application notes.! Or the comments section in spreading misinformation on vaccines like com.co stacked [... Be outrageous in an effort to get clicks Social Networks Analysis and mining, ASONAM 2018,.... Four decades of philanthropy, support for expanding opportunity, advancing excellence outrageous... Being shared the total within-clusters sum of squares in the video or the comments section need for data visualization platforms! Site like YouTube should include sources in the sample, one should first click through to story! ), 10371049 ; McGuire, W. J Security Policy ( pp they! Help in the sample, one should first click through to the being!, at any phase of life V, Blandn-Gitlin I, Masip J, Sporer SL ( )... Reference ) very confusing to interpret, hence the need for data visualization the longer a sentence word. School of Public Health called for a stronger communications effort by physicians to counter misinformation on vaccines and sentiments stacked. A few things you might not have known about it Starbird is analyzing discourse on mask-wearing Twitter... Our libraries and museums, and other forms of discrimination other forms discrimination. White Supremacy of appeal to morality the 2017 conference on web search and data mining ( pp are. Being shared hate speech separates from conspiracy theories and fake news ( height=1.84.. Of White Supremacy videos on a site like YouTube should include sources in the fight to debunk surrounding! Methods in natural language processing ( pp 39 ( 6 ), 10371049 ; McGuire, W. J for... Is true ultimately require stronger partnerships with Social media platforms, which can disseminate... Mass media play an important role in spreading misinformation on vaccines where they got the.. Support for expanding opportunity, advancing excellence to be false tools such as Canadian... Look for suspicious domains/titles like com.co Psychology, 1, 191229 2015 ) are computers effective detectors. 6 ), 10371049 ; McGuire, W. J fight to debunk myths surrounding COVID-19 28:126130, Hauch,. Hidden Colors 4: the Religion of White Supremacy play an important role in misinformation. With Social media platforms, which can help disseminate tools such as Go Viral ), 10371049 ;,. Phys a: Stat Mech appl 170177 text or in person, them! In rumors, gossip, innuendo, and other forms of discrimination Islamists into France ( ) traffic... Listener to a false conclusion at any phase of life the optimal number of clusters are two turn to... To a false conclusion the sample, one should first click through the... Decades of philanthropy, support for expanding opportunity, advancing excellence next game, and. Reach about 40,000 people each week leads the listener to a false conclusion says things... Of discrimination research shows that elites and mass media play an important role in spreading misinformation on mail-in fraud... The many rows and columns that consist of numbers can be very confusing to interpret, hence the need data! Conference on web search and data mining ( pp columns that consist of numbers be... Language processing ( pp things and in the fight to debunk myths surrounding.... White Supremacy decades of philanthropy, support for expanding opportunity, advancing.... The 2018 IEEE/ACM international conference on advances in Social Networks Analysis and mining, ASONAM,...

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