Historiography prefers the term 'free state'. The governments of the 1990s and 2000s adhered to a staunch but domestically controversial pro-U.S. foreign policy, lending nominal support to the NATO action in the Kosovo War and signing up as a member of the Coalition of the willing during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Harald Fairhair, regarded as the first Norwegian king, united the petty kingships of Norway into a single realm in about 885. Following the Second World War, Iceland was a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and joined the United Nations one year after its establishment. In the 1990s, the Independence Party set a drastic reform of Icelands economy into motion. With the introduction of absolute monarchy in DenmarkNorway in 1660 under Frederick III of Denmark, the Icelanders relinquished their autonomy to the crown, including the right to initiate and consent to legislation. [9] Many of the early settlers were Thelir, fleeing the recent union of Norway under Harald Fairhair and came from Telemark. [21], In the quarter of a century preceding the war, Iceland had prospered. Following rapid financial growth, the 200811 Icelandic financial crisis occurred. [25][26][27] In their attempts to stop the Icelanders from trading with the Germans indirectly, the British imposed costly and time-consuming constraints on Icelandic exports going to the Nordic countries. Genes are no exception: isolation and inbreeding throughout its history make this northern Atlantic island a paradise for genetic studies. This eradicated unemployment in Iceland and raised wages considerably. It is recognized, however, that Inglfr Arnarson may not have been the first one to settle permanently in Icelandthat may have been Nttfari, one of Garar Svavarsson's men who stayed behind when Garar returned to Scandinavia. They acquired such fine things as gems, silver, jewelry, and wine from Byzantium. The saga academic, Sigurour Nordal (Sept. 14, 1886 to Sept. 21, 1974) described this medieval literature as follows: No Germanic people, in fact, no nation in Northern Europe, has a medieval literature which in originality and brilliance can be compared with the literature of the Icelanders from the first five centuries after the settlement period.. Though less consequential, there have been countless other eruptions and earthquakes over the years. This captivating, one-hour adventure features CNN's Chief Climate Correspondent Bill Weir, who crosses the globe to interact with the most innovative players in the trillion dollar race to remove carbon from . Equally controversial was the impact that foreign troops had on Icelandic society. The parliament convened each summer at ingvellir, where representative chieftains (Goorsmenn or Goar) amended laws, settled disputes and appointed juries to judge lawsuits. In 999 or 1000 the Althing made a peaceful decision that all Icelanders should become Christians. Its economy grew rapidly largely through fishing, although this was marred by disputes with other nations. According to tradition the first Viking to discover Iceland was a man named Naddoddur who got lost while on his way to the Faeroe Islands. Gunnar's own book A Brief History of Iceland (2010) has 33 chapters with considerable overlap in dates. Much of Harald's biography is uncertain. However, given the alarming rate that anti-Communist rhetoric entered the mainstream political consensus in the United States, it was unilaterally decided that their presence should be maintained to deter Russian nuclear attacks. Aside from the prevailing hunger, many would die from extreme heat or the toxic gas that filled the air. In 2016, it was reported that the United States was considering re-opening the base.[58]. Photo from Wikimedia, Creative Commons, by Oxyman. This is just one example of the level of detail found in these medieval sources. Iceland also traded significantly with the United Kingdom during the war, as Iceland found itself within its sphere of influence. Children fathered by foreign troops were known as astandsborn (children of the situation). This has led to gaining a deep understanding of how evidence based solutions can be successfully formed from quantitative and qualitative analysis. In 930, the ruling chiefs established a republican constitution and an assembly called the Althingthe oldest parliament in the world. Erik and Leif are credited with being the first Europeans to settle Greenland and North America respectively. No edits made. In 1991, the Independence Party, led by Dav Oddsson, formed a coalition government with the Social Democrats. There was some agriculture, but grain was always imported. Floods, ash, and fumes killed 9,000 people and 80% of the livestock. He discovered that the country was an island and called it Gararshlmi "Garar's Islet" and stayed for the winter at Hsavk. The incorporation of Iceland into the Norwegian Realm", "Politics and Courtly Culture in Iceland, 12001700", "What Did They Eat? In 1220, Snorri Sturluson became a vassal of Haakon IV of Norway; his nephew Sturla Sighvatsson also became a vassal in 1235. [35] They behaved accordingly, and there were no mishaps. Iceland has retained strong ties to the other Nordic countries. The financial crisis gave rise to the Icesave dispute, where Iceland on the one hand and the United Kingdom and Netherlands on the other disputed whether Iceland was obligated to repay British and Dutch depositors who lost their savings when Icesave collapsed. [67] In September 2017, the 9-month-old center-right coalition of Prime Minister Bjarni Benediktsson, leader of the Independence Party, collapsed after one party, a small centrist Bright Future, left the government. Tourism has been the saving grace of the Icelandic economy, which was in freefall during the 2008-2011 banking crisis. How do Icelanders treat the LGBTQ community? In the first half of the 10th century, English armies led by the descendants of Alfred of Wessex began reconquering Scandinavian areas of England; the last Scandinavian king, Erik Bloodaxe, was . This page was last edited on 9 April 2023, at 11:48. King Kristjn was the first and only monarch to rule over Iceland as a sovereign country. As with most significant changes, it took some time to acclimate, but the economy began to grow again strongly and swiftly after a brief recession. The latter, concluded in 1297, saw a significant shift of wealth and power from the aristocracy to the Church, which was increasingly independent of secular influence. Jon Sigurosson bravely led a group of Icelandic intellectuals towards an independence movement, recreating an autonomous Icelandic government. Forces. This caused widespread protests in Iceland, to little avail, but did cement in the Icelandic psyche a distrust of widespread foreign intervention and the willingness to protest policies they considered opposed to the countrys value systems. Photo from Wikimedia, Creative Commons, by the Royal Navy. This assembly consisted of a law council (lgrtta), in which the godar made and amended the laws, and a system of courts of justice, in which householders, nominated by the godar, acted on the panels of judges. In geological terms, Iceland is a young island. Generally considered the first European to set foot on the North American continent, Leif got there nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus. This is a list of rulers of Iceland, ruling from 1262 to 1944. 1940-1946: During the Second World War, the United Kingdom occupies the officially neutral Kingdom of Iceland in order to secure a naval foothold against Axis forces in the North Atlantic. In the early 1930s, however, the Third Reich had shown little interest in taking Iceland, though Allied forces found that this position quickly changed after the onset of war, especially following Operation Weserbung, the Axis invasion of Norway, and Denmark. Britain, in particular, felt that this threatened their control of the North Atlantic and quickly telegraphed the Icelandic capital, asking them for their support as a belligerent and ally. So too did Britain want to build bases in Iceland to strengthen their North Patrol. Discover the most beautiful waterfalls in Iceland. Wikimedia,Creative Commons, byGuerber, H. A, The Top 9 Most Infamous Icelanders in History, Wikimedia, Creative Commons, byEugne Delacroix, How To Travel in Iceland | The Top 5 Do's and Don'ts, Wikimedia, Creative Commons, by USMC Archives, The Fascinating History of Icelandic Architecture, Wikimedia, Creative Commons, by the Royal Navy, Wikimedia, Creative Commons, by United State Army, The Top 9 Most Famous Icelanders in History, A Snapshot of Iceland | Facts, Figures and Information. Icelanders were, in general, sympathetic to the cause of the Allies. Given that Nazi Germany still occupied Denmark in 1944, many Danes felt it inappropriate to hold such an election. His given name is unknown. The Book of Settlements then enumerates more than 400 settlers who sailed with their families, servants, and slaves to Iceland to stake claims to land. The president of Iceland (Icelandic: Forseti slands) is the head of state of Iceland.The incumbent is Guni Thorlacius Jhannesson, who is now in his second term as president, elected in 2016 and re-elected in 2020.. Vigds Finnbogadttir assumed Iceland's presidency on 1 August 1980, she made history as the first elected female head of state in the world. Its origins are thought to lie over 6,500 feet (2,000 meters) inside the Earths mantle. He decided that the country should convert to Christianity as a whole, but that pagans would be allowed to worship privately. At the local level, three godar usually held a joint assembly in late spring at which a local court operated, again with judges nominated by the godar. The settlers of Iceland were predominantly pagans and worshiped the Norse gods, among them Odin, Thor, Freyr, and Freyja. [14], The period also saw the staaml, two major disputes over whether secular aristocrats should benefit from the tithes of proprietary churches they had founded. They would have to look elsewhere if they were ever going to recoup the losses accumulated over the years of the financial crash. The first "king of Norway" in that sense was Hkon Aalsteinsfostri ("Hakon the Foster-son of Athalstein"), who ruled from about 935 to 960. . It is unknown, however, if Pytheas and the hermits were describing the same island. Iceland was settled in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, principally by people of Norwegian and other Scandinavian origin. Did you enjoy our article on the history of Iceland? Photo byWikimedia,Creative Commons, by Olaus Magnus. The British had called upon the then neutral United States to take over control of Iceland as their forces were badly needed on other fronts. By the end of the 10th century, the Norwegians were forced by their king, Olaf I Tryggvason, to accept Christianity. Areas near the Arctic Circle such as Iceland and Greenland began to have shorter growing seasons and colder winters. Contemporary Icelandic names are shared by Icelands first settlers, providing an intergenerational connection. Icelanders began to trade for grain from continental Europe, which was an expensive proposition. Growing at a rate of 4 percent per year on average, the Icelandic economy diversified its industries not to be overly reliant on fishing. However, in the 9th century, they were driven out by Vikings. This past week, and the two prior to it, more poison fell from the sky than words can describe: ash, volcanic hairs, rain full of sulfur and saltpeter, all of it mixed with sand. Jhannesson Reelected President", "Gunnar Karlsson. How has Guide to Iceland changed since its conception? Vigdis Finnbogadottir assumed Iceland's presidency on August 1, 1980, the third elected female head of state in the world.[2]. Every day, it seems this city, country, and population are changing. In 1989, Vigdis Finnbogadottir became the President of Iceland and the worlds first democratically elected female head of state. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In 1949, Iceland joined as one of the founding members of NATO, while only a year before, the country had begun to receive Marshall Aid from the United States. A Scandinavian sailor, Floki Vilgeroarson, gave Iceland its name after he spotted some drift ice in the fjords during a ferocious winter. In the absence of royal power in Iceland, the godar were to form the ruling class in the country. Iceland apparently has no prehistory. According to this contract, the Americans would leave Iceland following the end of World War II, transferring control of Keflavik Airport in the process. The first Norseman who deliberately sailed to Gararshlmi was Hrafna-Flki Vilgerarson. When the force finally did come, the British were surprised to find the Icelanders rather accommodating, even helping the soldiers unload supplies from their ship. From left, Crown Princess Mary and Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark; Finland president Tarja Halonen; King Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden; Queen Sonja and King Harald of Norway; and First Lady of Iceland Dorrit Mousaieff and president of Iceland . [29], The war had a lasting impact on Icelandic society and Iceland's external relations. The subsequent poverty and food shortages in France contributed to the French Revolution. On top of this, Laki erupted in 1783, spitting out 12.5 cubic kilometres (3.0cumi) of lava. It has been suggested that the land called Thule by the Greek geographer Pytheas (fourth century BC) was actually Iceland, although it seems highly unlikely considering Pytheas' description of it as an agricultural country with plenty of milk, honey, and fruit:[8] The name is more likely to have referred to Norway, or possibly the Faroe Islands or Shetland. (Anne-Sophie Ofrim / Public Domain ) The vast armies clashed in a great naval battle in the fjord that was part of Rogaland. Some settlers coming from the British Isles were "Hiberno-Norse," with cultural and family connections both to the coastal and island areas of Ireland and/or Scotland and to Norway. All water went tepid and light blue in color, and gravel slides turned grey. Read on for all you need to know about queer history, Reykjavi Guide to Iceland | The Story of the Leading Travel Agency of Iceland, The Complete Guide to the Midnight Sun in Iceland, Top 20 Most Beautiful Waterfalls in Iceland, The Ultimate Guide to Gay Iceland | LGBT+ History, Rights and Culture, Life in Early Iceland & the Adoption of Christianity, Icelands Civil War: The Age of Sturlungs, Fascinating History of Icelandic Architecture, Wikimedia,Creative Commons, by Olaus Magnus, 10 Reasons Icelanders are Proud of Iceland, Wikimedia,Creative Commons, by Johan Peter Raadsig, Wikimedia,Creative Commons, by the Arni Magnusson Institute. It's still the primary reason Iceland boasts over 200 different volcanoes, geysers, and volcanic fissures. The first people to settle in Iceland were probably Irish monks who came in the 8th century. gmundur was deported by Danish officials in 1541, but Jn Arason put up a fight. The . The union between Denmark and Norway, ignoring some shorter periods, lasted until 1814, when Norway briefly gained independence, and Iceland became an integral part of Denmark until 1918, when Iceland was recognised as a fully sovereign state in personal union with Denmark under a common monarch, on 1 December that same year. Iceland is a relatively young island in the geological sense, being formed about 20 million years ago by a series of volcanic eruptions in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, but it is still growing from fresh volcanic eruptions. Take Holuhraun lava field, for example, where eruptions originating at Baroarbunga stratovolcano occurred in 2014 and 2015. No edits made. Uppskriftir og myndir fr jarfri-ferum kring landi (October 2004)", "US Geological Survey. When the two kingdoms of Denmark and Norway were separated by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark kept Iceland, as well as Faroe and Greenland, as dependencies. [citation needed]. Iceland became a Christian nation in the year 1000 CE, when Christianity became the religion by law. [36], Iceland turned down British offers of protection after the occupation of Denmark, because that would violate Iceland's neutrality. [47] Icelands position in the middle of the Mid-Atlantic Rift makes it a hotbed for geothermal activity. The Viking era is the period following the Germanic Iron Age. King of Iceland Details Style His Majesty First monarch Haakon IV Last monarch Christian X Contents1 Is there a royal [] The lava wiped out almost all of the nations livestock, estimated at 80 percent, bringing a famine that killed up to a quarter of Icelands population. Until the 14th century, traditional Viking longhouses were built by the first inhabitants of Iceland. The settlement of Iceland is thoroughly recorded in the aforementioned Landnmabk, although the book was compiled in the early 12th century when at least 200 years had passed from the age of settlement. [33] Government interference in the economy increased: "Imports were regulated, trade with foreign currency was monopolized by state-owned banks, and loan capital was largely distributed by state-regulated funds". This government set in motion market liberalisation policies, privatising a number of state-owned companies. Recent archaeological excavations have revealed the ruins of a cabin in Hafnir on the Reykjanes peninsula (close to Keflavk International Airport). Civil war and the end of the commonwealth, Iceland under Norwegian and Danish kings (12621944), NATO membership, US defense agreement, and the Cold War, "Iceland was therefore peacefully occupied by Britain on 10 May 1940," says, The 9th-century Irish monk and geographer, Solrun B. Jensdottir Hardarson, "The 'Republic of Iceland' 194044: Anglo-American Attitudes and Influences,", Learn how and when to remove this template message, United Kingdom invaded and peacefully occupied it, Denmark was overrun by the German Wehrmacht, Iceland severed its remaining ties with Denmark, Iceland's strategic importance during the Cold War, "Vigdis Finnbogadottir, the world's first elected female president", "Jrgen Schieber, University of Indiana. These plates are moving apart every so slightly (0.04 inches or 1 millimeter a year) at Thingvellir National Park, the countrys only UNESCO World Heritage site. Viking incursions into Britain were also expelled thoroughly during this time, potentially leading to a need for peaceful settlement in other lands. [16] A serfdom-like institution called the vistarband developed, in which peasants were bound to landowners for a year at a time. However, when Olaf Tryggvason ascended the Norwegian throne in A.D. 995, he decided to focus his efforts on converting those under his rule. [41][42] According to one study, "by the end of World War II, Iceland had been transformed from one of Europes poorest countries to one of the worlds wealthiest."[41]. Eventually all of the Nordic states were united in one alliance, the Kalmar Union (13971523), but on its dissolution, Iceland fell under Danish rule. Ten men were taken as prisoners of war by the Germans. Iceland had no military or naval forces, and Denmark was to give notice to other countries that it was permanently neutral. This period of starvation, one of the worst the civilized world has ever experienced, is known as the Mist Hardships in English or Moouharoindin in Icelandic. However abundant driftwood may have been, it could not satisfy the needs of the whole population. The monk Dicuil wrote in the second half of the 8th century about clerics who had lived on the island. Based on Icelandic lore, the early settlements were populations who escaped King Harald Fairhair, believed to be the first king of ancient Norway. Church fast days increased demand for dried codfish, which was easily caught and prepared for export, and the cod trade became an important part of the economy.[16]. He then returned east to Norway with resources and knowledge. [26], 1,245 Icelanders, Icelandic Americans, and Icelandic Canadians were registered as soldiers during World War I. In A.D. 999, after another unsuccessful conversion attempt, Olaf shut off all trade routes to Iceland, refusing the Icelandic merchant vessels entry to Norwegian ports. Find out everything you need to know about the. Some Icelanders claimed descent from Cerball mac Dnlainge, King of Osraige in southeastern Ireland, at the time of the Landnmabk's creation. Is Iceland a good travel destination for queer people? This writing dates to around 330 B.C. The current King belongs to the House of . 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