In the days that followed, several other senators proclaimed their opposition to the League on the Senate floor. I fear that the hearts of the vast majority of mankind would beat on strongly and steadily and without any quickening if the league were to perish altogether No doubt many excellent and patriotic people see a coming fulfilment of noble ideals in the words league for peace. We all respect and share these aspirations and desires but some of us see no hope, but rather defeat for them in this murky covenant. For we too have our ideals, even if we differ from those who have tried to establish a monopoly of idealism. LAC nsk 2019-09-04 update (1 card), Ford, Worthington Chauncey - Library of Congress. Henry Cabot Lodge: Speech Opposing the League of Nations (1919) Log in to see the full document and commentary. He began with the impassioned argument that the document repudiated George Washington's September 17, 1796, Farewell Address and the Monroe Doctrine, two sacred canons of American foreign policy. Oddly, the partys de facto guest of honor was the Senates reservationist in chief, Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the Republican leader and chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. Perhaps the time has come when the policies of Washington should be abandoned; but if we are to cast them aside I think that at least it should be done respectfully and with a sense of gratitude to the great man who formulated them. Moreover, he was destitute of any personal ambitions to a degree never equaled by any other very great man known to us. He indulged in the wishful thinking that Roosevelts charismatic leadership and use of his bully pulpit could arouse and inspire the public and Congress to the proper pursuit of international duties. He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing. If he was, he masked his sorrow well. Of course I am sorry to have my reservations beaten, Lodge said the next day. It was a sad end to what Wilson had called this great fight for the League of Nations.. Continental Congress. Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. One of the chief opponents of the Versailles Treaty was Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R. He succeeded in adding fourteen reservations to the treaty. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1909. What was the League of Nations? The best years of his political life had started in the 1890s, when he and his best friend, Theodore Roosevelt, had agitated and conspired for war with Spain and for that momentous break with isolation, the acquisition of the Philippines. (Contextualization) Why might Lodge's argument be different in 1919 (Document A) than it was in 1915 (Document B). What I have just said indicates the vast importance of the form and the manner in which the agreements which we are to sign shall be stated. Look at the United States today. But visions are one thing and visionaries are another, and the mechanical appliances of the rhetorician designed to give a picture of a present which does not exist and of a future which no man can predict are as unreal and short-lived as the steam or canvas clouds, the angels suspended on wires and the artificial lights of the stage. Also available in digital form. I have never had but one allegiance; I cannot divide it now. Copyright 2023 The Patriot Post. I fear that the hearts of the vast majority of mankind would beat on strongly and steadily and without any quickening if the league were to perish altogether. Early on, he had disparaged the countrys traditional isolation as a habit that had outlived its usefulness. The Patriot Post is steadfast in our mission to extend the endowment of Liberty to the next generation by advocating for individual rights and responsibilities, supporting the restoration of constitutional limits on government and the judiciary, and promoting free enterprise, national defense and traditional American values. Also available in digital form. The Fourteen Points Speech - Woodrow Wilson 2017-06-17 This Squid Ink Classic includes the full text of the work plus MLA style citations for scholarly secondary sources, peer-reviewed journal articles and critical essays for when your teacher requires extra resources in MLA format for your research paper. In the first place, the terms of the league--the agreements which we make,--must be so plain and so explicit that no man can misunderstand them.The Senate can take no action upon it, but it lies open before us for criticism and discussion. Senate rejects League of Nations, Nov. 19, 1919 By Andrew Glass. words that were brilliant but often bitter." What roledid Henry CabotLodge state America should play in world affairs with his "America First" argument? It is almost needless to say that the question now before us is so momentous that it transcends all party linesNo question has ever confronted the United States Senate which equals in importance that which is involved in the league of nations intended to secure the future peace of the world. I have never had but one allegiance I cannot divide it now. We have made mistakes in the past. The United States is the worlds best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. Washington declared against permanent alliances. 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Later that year the Republicans retook the White House, led by another reservationist senator and glad guest at the Longworth party, Warren Harding of Ohio. Despite Eisenhowers landslide victory, Lodge lost his re-election bid to John Kennedy. Contact Us One of the chief opponents of the Versailles Treaty was Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R. Mr. President: The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world than any single possession. Still, those reservations were enough to deadlock debate on the treaty, blocking Senate approval. That the nations must unite for peace and protection. The Republicans under Harding and his successor, Calvin Coolidge, are often depicted in history books as isolationists, but thats not quite right. I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. Transcription 1 2 3 Where the Domino Fell4 5 Where the Domino Fell America and Vietnam Sixth Edition James S. Olson and Randy Roberts6 This sixth edition first published John Wiley & Sons, Inc Edition History: Brandywine Press (5e, 2006); Blackwell Publishing, Ltd (revised 5e, 2008) Wiley Blackwell. Our ideal of the future is that she should continue to render that service of her own free will. Here are some tips. Lodge later viewed the peace settlement as too soft on Germany, and he had disliked the way the president had resisted the harsher terms that the British and French wanted to impose. "The inquiry has been so enduring," historian Herbert F. Margulies has observed, "that the story of the League's rejection has entered folklore and become almost mythological, with President Woodrow Wilson and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge the larger-than-life protagonists. 1 (Sept. 3, 1832)-no. Republican Congressman from Massachusetts Henry Cabot Lodge led a battle against the treaty. 1. Courtesy of Library of Congress Lodge and Wilson remained bitter enemies until Wilson's death on February 3, 1924. This is all the more essential because it is evident, although not expressly stated, that this league is intended to be indissoluble, for there is no provision for its termination or for the withdrawal of any signatory. Contact | My one desire is that not only the Senate, which is charged with responsibility, but that the press and the people of the country should investigate every proposal with the utmost thoroughness and weigh them all carefully before they make up their minds. Arguments and historical facts have no place in a statute or a treaty. . Even before the November 11, 1918, armistice, however, differences over America's role in the postwar world began to emerge as Republican demands for Germany's unconditional surrender contrasted sharply with Wilson's idealistic vision of a "peace without victory." Senator from Massachusetts, stating his case against President Wilson's League of Nations. ", Turning to the specific provisions of the proposed draft, Lodge argued that the provision guaranteeing the independence and territorial integrity of all members was particularly troubling. TR rides in an open landau on Fifteenth St., NW, escorted by mounted Rough Riders; Secret Service Lodge, Henry Cabot - McKenney, James Hall - Fuller, Melville Weston - Dalzell, John - Theodore Roosevelt Association Collection (Library of Congress) - Spooner, John C. (John Coit) - Roosevelt, Theodore. The Stumbling Block. Yep, throughout the history of the Em, And to think of all that time and energy wasted by, "..even the alleged 'islamophobia' in Aladdin." Perhaps the time has come when it is necessary to do this, but it is a very grave step, and I wish now merely to point out that the American people ought never to abandon the Washington policy and the Monroe doctrine without being perfectly certain that they earnestly wish to do so. That the nations must unite for peace and protection. This echoes the concerns that Lodge raised about American forces being deployed at the request of the League of Nations. At his urging, Senate Democrats refused to support the treaty with Lodge's reservations, and joined forces with the "irreconcilables"who opposed the treaty in any formto defeat it on November 19, 1919. The language only too frequently is not the language of laws or statues. Hughess successor, Frank Kellogg, promoted the outlawry of war with the Kellogg-Briand Pact once characterized as peace at no price.. Speeches and Addresses, -1909. Download World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Lodge entered the history books as the man who sank American participation in the League of Nations and led to a retreat from international leadership, at a time when, many historians argue, the world needed America to take such leadership. (Contextualization, Close Reading) What race issues was Senator Johnson likely referring to in California and in the South. Eisenhower appointed Lodge ambassador to the United Nations, where he served for nearly eight years. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Senator from Massachusetts, stating his case against President Wilson's League of Nations. First published, in 1898, in 2 vols. 90 Day Studies (2010 - 2016) Relevancy of the Federalist Papers; The Constitution; Which Amendments; Classics this Encouraged Constitution; Executive Branch Outsmart; Intrigue of President Elections; 90 Full Studies (2017 - 2021) Nevertheless, he had endorsed the mutual security pact with Britain and France a precursor to NATO that Wilson had attached to the Versailles treaty. I have always loved one flag and I cannot share that devotion [with] a mongrel banner created for a League. What was the primary argument of Senate opponents such as Senator Henry Cabot Lodge . World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson. Employment & Internships | - Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Lodges reservation, as an amendment to the treaty, would require majority approval in both houses of Congress to authorize participation in any collective response by the league. As a result, on Nov. 19, a coalition of Democrats and 15 irreconcilables voted down consent with those reservations, while the Republicans joined with the irreconcilables to vote it down without reservations. In 1915, Lodge had called such an organization the united nations.. Our ideal of the future is that she should continue to render that service of her own free will. Here is a speech he gave in the Senate on August 12, 1919 in which he summarized his opposition: Mr. President: For ourselves we . Senator from Massachusetts, stating his case against President Wilson's League of Nations. ", In 1919, Lodge was at the height of a long and distinguished career. (Close Reading) What are four reasons that Lodge gives for opposing the Treaty of Versailles? https://udayton.edu, Pope Francis makes an interesting point. Strong, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. Read online World War I Through The Eyes Of Woodrow Wilson ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. . But an American I was born, an American I have remained all my life. He launched his political career in the state legislature (188081) and in the U.S. House of Representatives (188793) and then was elected to the U.S. Senate. Sixty-three of them just one short of the two-thirds needed for consent voted yea. Whether any others might have been persuaded to join them by a still-healthy Wilson remains an intriguing question. We have made mistakes in the past. Lodge was equally concerned that the draft seemed to give the League jurisdiction over immigration matters. Terms of Use Not just his enjoyment at the Longworths party but his course during the coming months seemed to belie any real regrets. I now come to questions of substance, which seem to me to demand the most careful thought of the entire American people, and particularly of those charged with the responsibility of ratification. Lodge died in November 1924, nine months after Wilson and five days after Coolidges election victory. But it is well to remember that we are dealing with nations every one of which has a direct individual interest to serve, and there is grave danger in an unshared idealism. We would not have our politics distracted and embittered by the dissensions of other lands. Washington's entire honesty of mind and his fearless look into the face of all facts are qualities which can never go out of fashion and which we should all do well to imitate. He knew well that human nature had not changed fundamentally since mankind had a history. Although votes did not strictly follow party lines, 2. More. The League of Nations Must Be Revised (1919), Henry Cabot Lodge. --Note to 2d edition. The 1924 United States presidential election was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924.In a three-way contest, incumbent Republican President Calvin Coolidge won election to a full term. He had served a quarter century in the Senate when he became the Republican floor leader and chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee after the Democrats lost control of the body in 1918. We have had shortcomings. The principles of the Farewell Address in regard to our foreign relations have been sustained and acted upon by the American people down to the present moment. For nearly a century and a quarter the policies laid down in the Farewell Address have been followed and adhered to by the Government of the United States and by the American people. Democratic senators refused to negotiate on their own, and when Wilson was able to pay attention, he spurned all compromise. The independence of the United States is not only more precious to ourselves but to the world than any single possession. Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, 1850 - November 9, 1924) . Proceedings of the . Europe and Asia are to take part in policing the American continent and the Panama Canal, and in return we are to have, by way of compensation, the right to police the Balkans and Asia Minor when we are asked to do so. Contrast the United States with any country on the face of the earth today and ask yourself whether the situation of the United States is not the best to be found. (Close Reading) What reasons does Senator Norris give for opposing the Treaty of Versailles. Statutory and legal language must assert and command, not argue and describe. Also available in digital form. But he barely won re-election in 1922, and he found himself shunted aside from a leadership role among Massachusetts Republicans. We are left to infer that any nation withdrawing from the league exposes itself to penalties and probably to war. I doubt if any purely political declaration has ever been observed by any people for so long a time. St Peter de Betancurt was born on 19 March 1626 at Chasna de Vilaflor on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Hewes, James E. Jr. (August 20, 1970). The president, gravely ill after an exhausting tour to promote the League precipitated a crippling stroke, refused to compromise. Contrast the United States with any country on the face of the earth today and ask yourself whether the situation of the United States is not the best to be found. Please help us continue to extend Liberty to the next generation and support the 2023 Patriots' Day Campaign today. He had his committee conduct lengthy public hearings, which offered a sounding board for critics and opponents of the treaty and the league. In 1924 he was relegated to being a barely noticed rank-and-file delegate to the national convention that nominated Coolidge, a disdained Bay State rival. Henry Cabot Lodge Not so coincidentally, Lodge had 14 reservations about the draft the same number as Wilsons January 1918 statement of war aims, the Fourteen Points. Twelve years after the senior Lodges death, his namesake grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., whom he had helped to raise from childhood, likewise filled a Senate seat from Massachusetts. ", The remainder of the speech was a litany of questions, objections, and requests for information, and a ringing plea: "We must bring our men back from France . On Mar. On February 28, 1919, two days after Lodge visited the White House, where he and the other committee members sat through a two-hour question and answer session that "told us nothing," he rose in the Senate to deliver the opening salvo in what would prove to be a protracted and bitter contest over the League of Nations and the shape of the postwar world. You may call me selfish if you will, conservative or reactionary, or use any other harsh adjective you see fit to apply. Less than a week later, Lodge offered a resolution signed by thirty-nine Republican senators, more than the one-third of the Senate necessary to defeat the treaty, declaring that the Leagueunacceptable "in the form 'now proposed"should be considered separately from the peace settlement and only after the conclusion of the treaty. Democrats tended to support the treaty and Republicans tended to oppose it. BOOK A SPEECH; CLIPS FOR SCHOOLROOMS; ACADEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. His most important reservation targeted Article X of the League Covenant, the collective security clause that obligated members to respond when the bodys council called for action against an aggressor diplomatic censure, boycotts, economic sanctions and, possibly, military force. (Sourcing) To what extent is Lodge's speech reliable evidence of the reasons why Senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919? pic.twitter.com/KwytPSdiTA Bree A Dail (@breeadail) April 18, 2023 I have lived in Illinois all my 66 years. The Lodge family saga in American foreign policy had a final chapter. To whatever instrument the United States sets its hand it must carry out the provisions of that instrument to the last jot and tittle, and observe it absolutely both in letter and in spirit. 2. When we went to war with Germany we made no treaties with the nations engaged in the war against the German Government. Even at its most internationalist, Republican foreign policy in the 1920s offered weak a substitute for the American leadership on peace and collective security that Wilson had fought for. "League of Nations" Speech by Henry Cabot Lodge, 1919 I am as anxious as any human being can be to have the United States render every possible service to . Enforced Peace: Proceedings of the First Annual National Assemblage of the League to Enforce Peace, Washington, 26-27 05 1916 (New York: League to Enforce Peace, 1916), p. 165. I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this I am thinking of what is best for the world, for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. I can never be anything else but an American, and I must think of the United States first, and when I think of the United States first in an arrangement like this, I am thinking of what is best for the world for if the United States fails, the best hopes of mankind fail with it. The article concerning mandatories, for example, contains an argument and a statement of existing conditions. But none the less is there any country today on the face of the earth which can compare with this in ordered liberty, in peace, and in the largest freedom? We also offer Cartoons & Memes on Monday and Alexanders column on Wednesday. In 1876 Lodge was one of the first to be granted a doctorate in history from Harvard University. Wilsons health broke down two-thirds of the way through the tour, and he was rushed back to the White House, where he suffered a stroke that left him paralyzed on his left side. For more information, visit Alpha History or our Terms of Use. Irregular No. One hundred years ago, on Nov. 19, 1919, Alice Roosevelt Longworth threw a late-night party. Look Out: AI Is Becoming Smarter as Humans Are Becoming Stupider, Gary Bauer Initially he endorsed an international peacekeeping mechanism in an address before the League to Enforce Peace (May 1916), but, when a world organization with compulsory arbitration was advocated by Pres. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. He died. How was this position supported or contradicted by the rationale for Americas involvement in World War I. February 28, 1919. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Yet many did not remain thus firm; the confidence in the commander-in-chief became gradually weakened; the mine was prepared and on the point of explosion. The Monroe doctrine exists solely for the protection of the American Hemisphere, and to that hemisphere it was limited. Are ideals confined to this deformed experiment upon a noble purpose, tainted, as it is, with bargains and tied to a peace treaty which might have been disposed of long ago to the great benefit of the world if it had not been compelled to carry this rider on its back? Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts led the opposition to Wilson's League of Nations. There is no court to fulfill the function which our Supreme Court fulfills. (Contextualization) Why might Lodge's argument be different in 1919 (Document A) than it was in 1915 (Document B) range of possibilities for Lodge's apparent change of heart on a league of nations. "I think of the United States first." Contributor: Nation's Forum Collection (Library of Congress) - Lodge, Henry Cabot - A.F.R. I will go as far as anyone in world service, but the first step to world service is the maintenance of the United States. When in 1919 the Republicans gained control of the Senate, Lodge became chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good and endanger her very existence. Harding refused to revisit league membership; on Lodges advice, he advocated wiping the slate clean and pursuing a purely Republican foreign policy. You may call me selfish if you will, conservative or reactionary, or use any other harsh adjective you see fit to apply, but an American I was born, an American I have remained all my life. Internationalism, illustrated by the Bolshevik and by the men to whom all countries are alike is to me repulsive. And heres our email: letters@nytimes.com. I have never had but one allegiance - I cannot divide it now. "I think of the United States first." Names Lodge, Henry Cabot, 1850-1924. spk But I am certain that we can do it best by not putting ourselves in leading strings, or subjecting our policies and our sovereignty to other nations. (Close Reading) What reasons does Senator Johnson give for opposing the Treaty of Versailles, He's opposing for the treaty of Versailles and says "I am not willing to submit any race problems we may have to the jurisdiction of the Council of the League of Nations, nor to the League itself. It contains 132,0131 words in 229 pages. Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Henry Cabot Lodge, Senate speech opposing the League of Nations, February 28, 1919. United States the Supreme Court ruled. Ideals have been thrust upon us as an argument for the league until the healthy mind which rejects cant revolts from them. Soon after the war had broken out, Lodge had joined Roosevelt in favoring the Allies so fervently that they and other like-minded members of the northeastern Republican elite could barely disguise their yearning for intervention. American History II--Imperialism and WWI Study Guide 1. (Corroboration) To what extent does Senator Norris's speech corroborate Lodge's speech in Document A. / These questions and doubts must be answered and removed by the instrument itself. An erudite scholar, he spoke "with his thumbs adjusted in his armpits and a copy of Shakespeare in his pocket . The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. We are sustained solely by you. For better or worse, his grandfathers and Alice Roosevelt Longworths fathers large policy had come full circle. We would not have our country's vigor exhausted or her moral force abated, by everlasting meddling and muddling in every quarrel, great and small, which afflicts the world. 11/19/2014 12:07 AM REST. We would have our country strong to resist a peril from the West, as she has flung back the German menace from the East. Wilson returned to France to continue his work on the treaty, which he presented to the Senate on July 10, 1919. This time, 23 Democrats voted yea, for a total of 49 in favor, with 35 against a majority, but seven votes short of the necessary two-thirds. This address is limited as evidence because it is the perspective of only one senator. The next Republican secretary of state, Charles Evans Hughes, brought off such diplomatic feats as the naval disarmament treaties of 1921 and the Dawes and Young Plans to aid European economic recovery forerunners of the Marshall Plan. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. . Presented by Mr. United States--Politics and government--1865-1933. I feel that I can say this without being accused of undue boastfulness, for it is the simple fact, and in making this treaty and taking on these obligations all that we do is in a spirit of unselfishness and in a desire for the good of mankind. That is the vital principle of the doctrine. Senator Norris expressed concern about the American military being forced to support the British Empire. Lodge deeply disliked Wilson personally, and he was partisan enough to attack a policy simply because it came from the other party. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available! The Patriot Post and Patriot Foundation Trust, in keeping with our Military Mission of Service, are proud sponsors of the National Medal of Honor Heritage Center, the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, Folds of Honor, Honoring the Sacrifice, Warrior Freedom Service Dogs, Officer Christian Fellowship, the Air University Foundation, the Naval War College Foundation, and the Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. Coolidge was the second vice president to ascend to the presidency and then win a full term. Bidens Security Disaster, As riches increase and accumulate in few hands, as luxury prevails in society, virtue will be in a greater degree considered as only a graceful appendage of wealth, and the tendency of things will be to depart from the republican standard. Mass.). Constitution of the League of Nations, On February 28, 1919, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts began an assault on President Woodrow Wilson's proposal to establish a League of Nations that ultimately culminated in the Senate's rejection of the Treaty of Versailles. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/09031456/. Dennis Prager Long after Congress agreed to a joint resolution declaring the end of the First World War in July 1921, politicians and scholars have asked whether, by joining and supporting the League of Nations, the United States could have prevented the outbreak of the Second World War. This recorded speech is by Henry Cabot Lodge, aU.S.congressman from Massachusetts. . 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